Exercise on Chapter 3
1.
Explain the differences
between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
Answer :
Mechanical digestion is process that changes food from
rough form/big to be smoothor small.
Chemical digestion is process that is helpend by enzyme.
2.
Mention three enzymes
produced in pancreas.
Answer :
Trypsin,
amylase and lipase.
3.
Mention three types of
teeth and each of their functions.
Answer :
Ø Incisor
has function to slice or cut food.
Ø Canine
has function to torn and tear food.
Ø Premolar
has function to slice and refine the food.
Ø Molar
has function to refine the food
4.
What is mean by
peristaltic?
Answer :
Peristaltic contractions is a sequence of muscle
contractions in the esophagus that pushes food into the stomach.
5.
Explain the nutrients
needed by the body along with their sources.
Answer :
a.
Carbohydrate
Carbohydrates
are a source of energy. Excess carbohydrates will be stored in the liver and
muscle. Sources of carbohydrates are, for examples, rice, corn, sweet potatoes,
potatoes, cassavas, sago, and bread. Lack of carbohydrates will cause the body
to be thin and weak.
b.
Protein
The
main functions of protein is for the formation of the body’s main structure,
cell regeneration, and coordinates of biological in the body. Sources of
protein are, for example, meat, fish, eggs, cheese, soybeans, peanuts, and
green beans. Lack of protein can cause kwashiorkor disease in children and
hunger edema in adults.
c.
Fat
The main function of fat is as largest
energy source, as solvent of vitamin A,D,E, and K, as food reservation that is
stored under the skin, as protector of body inner organs. Sources of fat are,
for examples, meat, butter, milk, eggs, fish oil, coconuts, candlenuts,
peanuts, and avocado. Lack of fat can cause experiencing health problems.
d. Vitamin
Vitamin
is required by body in small amount, but it has important role for keeping body
health.
Vitamin
has several function, those are :
·
It has role in growth and
development of cells.
·
Sustaning function of
tissue to be normal.
·
As co-enzyme that has role
as biocatalyst, that help accelerating reactions of substance in the body.
a) Vitamin
A
Vitamin A is found naturally in liver,
fish oil, animal fat, egg yolk, and yellow vegetables. Vitamin A is needed to
strengthen body immunity against ailments, and to keep the eyes and epithelium
in good condition. Vitamin A deficiency can cause xerophthalmia,
night-blindness, dry skin, and slow body development.
b) Vitamin
B
Vitamin B1 can be found in the outer
layers of rice grains, green beans, green leafy vegetables, liver, meat, and
milk. Vitamin B1 helps the body oxidize food the acquire energy. Vitamin
deficiency can cause beriberi and neurodegeneration.
Vitamin B2 is important in cellular
respiration, keeping the corneas and nervous system in good condition, and
improving the transfer stimulus (light) to the eyes nerves. A deficiency of
vitamin B2 may cause cataracts, keratomalacia, blurry eyes, and lesions at the
corner of the mouth. Sources of Vitamin B2 are liver, eggs, milk, and yeast.
Vitamin B6 is
found in eggs, meat, potatoes, cabbage. It helps the body to process proteins
and is important in cellular respiration. A deficiency of vitamin B6 may cause
anemia and pellagra.
Vitamin B12
helps blood cell regenerations and is found in meat milk, and yeast. Vitamin
B12 deficiency will cause pernicious
anemia.
c) Vitamin
C
Vitamin C is important in the synthesis
of collage the maintenance of epithelium, preventing nose and esophagus
infections, and accelerating the productions of red blood cells. Vitamin C
deficiency can also cause scury. Vitamin
C is found in fresh green leafy vegetables and fruits, such as limes, papayas,
tomatoes, and bananas.
d) Vitamin
D
Lack o vitamin D cam disrupt the bone
by impeded growth and deformity. Sources of vitamin D are butter, milk, egg
yolk, and fish oil.
e) Vitamin
E
Vitamin e is plays an important role in
the reproductive system. Vitamin E deficiency and cause infertility. Vitamin E
is found in cereal, vegetables, eggs, butter and milk.
f) Vitamin
K
Vitamin
K is vital for blood clotting, i.e he forming of prothombin in the liver.
Vitamin K also prevents miscarriage. Vitamin K deficiency can cause the
inability of blood to clot. Sources of Vitamin K are green leafy vegetables,
cereals, and liver.
e. Dietary
Minerals
Lack
of mineral is called mineral deficiency. Examples of dietary minerals needed by
the body are as follows :
1) Calcium
(Ca)
Calcium
plays an important role in forming the bones and teeth, activating
thrombokinase, and is vital in muscle in cardiac contraction. Calcium (Ca) and
phosphorus (p) deficiency will lead to cramps, bone disorders, and poor blood
clotting. Sources of calcium are cereals, green leafy vegetables, milk, eggs,
and fruits.
2) Iron
(Fe)
Iron
forms hemoglobin that is complement of red blood cells, which function
circulate oxygen throughout the body. Iron deficiency will cause anemia.
Sources of iron are, for example, liver, meat, green beans, green leafy
vegetables, and rice.
3) Iodine
(I)
Iodine
is required in forming the thyroxin hormone produced in thyroid glands. Iodine
deficiency can cause goiter. Iodine is addle to table salt to fulfill the daily
need for iodine. Iodine is found in seafood, vegetables, milk and fruits.
4) Phosphorus
(P)
Phosphorus
in needed in bone growth and development. Sources of phosphorus are milk, eggs,
meat, and beans.
5) Potassium
(K)
Potassium
affects heart contractions and helps to maintain water in cells control
osmosis. Potassium also improves the work of nervous system. Sources of
potassium are fish, bananas, potatoes, and green leafy vegetables.
6) Sodium
(Na)
Sodium
affects heartbeat and muscles contractions, helps in sending naturals neural
impulses, and, together with chloride, keeps the body fluids in balance. Sodium
deficiency can cause cramps. Sodium is found in table salt, cheese and green
leafy vegetables.
7) Fluorine
(F)
Fluorine
is acquired from seafood, tea, plain water, and vegetables. Fluorine deficiency
may cause fragile teeth.
8) Chlorine
Chlorine
is found in table salt (NaCl). It helps to manage body fluid and cellular
osmosis. It also needed to from hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach.
f. Water
Water is the main component of protoplasm.
The human body contains 60% of water. In the body, water has role of :
Ø Dissolving
nutrients and accelerating chemical reactions.
Ø Carrying
metabolic waste.
Ø Carrying
other bodily substances.
Ø Forming
body fluids.
Ø Regulating
body heads.
Lack
of water Consumption may result in dehydration.
6. Look
at the picture of the digestive system below
a.
Write in the name of each
numbered organ.
b.
In which organ does food
absorption occur?
c.
Mention the enzymes
produced by organ number 1.
Answer :
a.
1 : Stomach. 2 : Pancreas.
3 : Large intestine. 4 : Small intestine. 5 : Cecum. 6 : Liver. 7 : Bile
b.
4
c.
Pepsin and rennin.
7. What
are the functions of :
a.
Phosphorus (P)
b.
Iron (Fe)
c.
Potassium (K)
Answer :
a.
Phosphorus plays an
important role in forming the bones and teeth, activating thrombokinase, and is
vital in muscle in cardiac contraction.
b.
Iron forms hemoglobin that
is complement of red blood cells, which function circulate oxygen throughout
the body.
c.
Potassium affects heart
contractions and helps to maintain water in cells control osmosis.
8.
What will happen if a
person suffers a deficiency of :
a.
Protein
b.
Vitamin A
c.
Vitamin C
Answer :
a.
Lack of protein can cause
kwashiorkor disease in children and hunger edema in adults.
b.
Vitamin A deficiency can
cause xerophthalmia, night-blindness, dry skin, and slow body development.
c.
Vitamin C deficiency can
cause bleeding duo to frail blood vessels. Vitamin C deficiency can also cause scury.
9.
What Factor Contribute To
the digestion process in the mouth?
Answer:
The
teeth, tongue, and salivary glands exist in the oral cavity. Teeth tear,
scrape, grind and chew food so that easy to swallow. The tongue taste food,
helps teeth mix and position the food, and helps to swallow and push food into
the esophagus.
There
are three pairs and saliva gland in the mouth. Sight, smell, taste and thoughts
of food are stimuli can that stimulate the production of saliva. Saliva is
thick and greasy due to mucin and ptyalin enzymes, which are the main
components of saliva.
10. Name
some disorders that many occur in the human many digestive system.
Answer :
Microorganism above can cause disorders
such as :
a.
Poisoning caused by Salmonella infections known as salmonellasis.
b.
Poisoning caused by the
toxin produced by Staphylococcus.
c.
Poisoning caused by the
toxin produced by botulinum.
d.
Amoebic dysentery or
intestinal amebiasis is an infections caused by protozoan Entamoeba histolytica.
In addition to the disease caused by
microorganism, there are also other disorders and disease on digestive organs
such as :
a.
Appendicitis
b.
Constipation
c.
Parotitis
d. Xerostomia
